@article {613321,
	title = {Impacts of fleet types and charging modes for electric vehicles on emissions under different penetrations of wind power},
	journal = {Nature Energy},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2016},
	pages = {413-421},
	abstract = {Current Chinese policy promotes the development of both electricity-propelled vehicles and carbon-free sources of power. Concern has been expressed that electric vehicles on average may emit more CO<sub>2</sub>\&nbsp;and conventional pollutants in China. Here, we explore the environmental implications of investments in different types of electric vehicle (public buses, taxis and private light-duty vehicles) and different modes (fast or slow) for charging under a range of different wind penetration levels. To do this, we take Beijing in 2020 as a case study and employ hourly simulation of vehicle charging behaviour and power system operation. Assuming the slow-charging option, we find that investments in electric private light-duty vehicles can result in an effective reduction in the emission of CO<sub>2</sub>\&nbsp;at several levels of wind penetration. The fast-charging option, however, is counter-productive. Electrifying buses and taxis offers the most effective option to reduce emissions of NO<sub>x</sub>, a major precursor for air pollution.},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-018-0133-0},
	author = {Chen, Xinyu and Xu, Zhiwei and Nielsen, Chris P and McElroy, Michael B.}
}
